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Los cloroplastos son organelos propios de las células vegetales eucariontes fotosintetizadoras, tanto de algas como de plantas superiores. Clasifican dentro de lo orgánulos subcelulares llamados plastidios o plastos.
Estructura de los cloroplastos
▪️Membrana externa: delimita al cloroplasto del exterior, y es permeable a moléculas pequeñas que pasan a través de porinas. ▪️Membrana interna: es impermeable y es selectiva porque tiene proteínas específicas para el paso de moléculas. ▪️Comportamiento intermembranal: se ubica entre ambas membranas. ▪️Tilacoides: son sacos huecos que contienen moléculas de clorofila, y otros pigmentos que captan la luz. ▪️Lumen: es el espacio que se forma dentro de los tilacoides. ▪️Grana: son pilas formadas por varios tilacoides, con función de maximizar el espacio. ▪️Estroma laminar: conectan a las granas solamente por un segmento y sin estar apiladas. ▪️Estroma: es el espacio interno que rodea los tilacoides.
Los cloroplastos son organelos propios de las células vegetales eucariontes fotosintetizadoras, tanto de algas como de plantas superiores. Clasifican dentro de lo orgánulos subcelulares llamados plastidios o plastos.
Estructura de los cloroplastos
▪️Membrana externa: delimita al cloroplasto del exterior, y es permeable a moléculas pequeñas que pasan a través de porinas. ▪️Membrana interna: es impermeable y es selectiva porque tiene proteínas específicas para el paso de moléculas. ▪️Comportamiento intermembranal: se ubica entre ambas membranas. ▪️Tilacoides: son sacos huecos que contienen moléculas de clorofila, y otros pigmentos que captan la luz. ▪️Lumen: es el espacio que se forma dentro de los tilacoides. ▪️Grana: son pilas formadas por varios tilacoides, con función de maximizar el espacio. ▪️Estroma laminar: conectan a las granas solamente por un segmento y sin estar apiladas. ▪️Estroma: es el espacio interno que rodea los tilacoides.
Telegram auto-delete message, expiring invites, and more
elegram is updating its messaging app with options for auto-deleting messages, expiring invite links, and new unlimited groups, the company shared in a blog post. Much like Signal, Telegram received a burst of new users in the confusion over WhatsApp’s privacy policy and now the company is adopting features that were already part of its competitors’ apps, features which offer more security and privacy. Auto-deleting messages were already possible in Telegram’s encrypted Secret Chats, but this new update for iOS and Android adds the option to make messages disappear in any kind of chat. Auto-delete can be enabled inside of chats, and set to delete either 24 hours or seven days after messages are sent. Auto-delete won’t remove every message though; if a message was sent before the feature was turned on, it’ll stick around. Telegram’s competitors have had similar features: WhatsApp introduced a feature in 2020 and Signal has had disappearing messages since at least 2016.
How Does Bitcoin Work?
Bitcoin is built on a distributed digital record called a blockchain. As the name implies, blockchain is a linked body of data, made up of units called blocks that contain information about each and every transaction, including date and time, total value, buyer and seller, and a unique identifying code for each exchange. Entries are strung together in chronological order, creating a digital chain of blocks. “Once a block is added to the blockchain, it becomes accessible to anyone who wishes to view it, acting as a public ledger of cryptocurrency transactions,” says Stacey Harris, consultant for Pelicoin, a network of cryptocurrency ATMs. Blockchain is decentralized, which means it’s not controlled by any one organization. “It’s like a Google Doc that anyone can work on,” says Buchi Okoro, CEO and co-founder of African cryptocurrency exchange Quidax. “Nobody owns it, but anyone who has a link can contribute to it. And as different people update it, your copy also gets updated.”
